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- WORLD, Page 37SOVIET UNION"Those Days Were Horrible"
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- Raisa Gorbachev describes her fears during the coup -- and
- discloses new details about her personal life
-
- By SUSAN TIFFT -- Reported by Ann M. Simmons/Moscow and Nancy
- Traver/Washington
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- Raisa Gorbachev has not been seen in public since Aug.
- 22, when, looking haggard and pale, she walked down the steps
- of the plane that carried her and her family back to Moscow
- after 72 hours of house arrest in the Crimea. But last week the
- world did get a chance to read what the 59-year-old wife of
- Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev had to say about her ordeal
- and, in a newly released memoir, about her earlier foreboding
- of what lay ahead.
-
- In her first postcoup interview, Raisa told the Soviet
- trade-union newspaper Trud she was so terrified that the
- plotters would kill her and her family that she suffered speech
- problems and an "acute bout of hypertension" for which she is
- still being treated. "Those days were horrible," she said.
-
- She first learned of the putsch at about 5 p.m. on Sunday,
- Aug. 18, when an agitated Gorbachev told her that a group of
- men had arrived from Moscow to see him and that all the phone
- lines were dead, including the "red phone" that links the
- President to the Minister of Defense. The whole family quickly
- agreed they would stick by the President at all costs. "This was
- a very serious decision," Raisa told Trud. "We know our
- history." This may have been a reference to the Bolsheviks'
- grisly execution of the last Russian Czar, Nicholas II, and his
- family.
-
- During the attempted coup, the Gorbachevs took frequent
- walks outside the dacha so that they could talk without fear of
- being bugged. By showing themselves, they also hoped to disprove
- the plotters' assertion that the President was ill.
-
- Raisa told Trud, "I never thought such a thing ((as the
- coup)) could happen to us." But in her autobiography, I Hope
- (HarperCollins; $20), completed four months before the failed
- putsch, the Soviet First Lady says she has long been anxious
- about the "fierce struggle now going on between loyalty and
- treachery" in the Soviet Union. In the book, actually an
- extended interview with Soviet writer Georgi Pryakhin, Raisa
- discloses for the first time that her grandfather was executed
- under Stalin, an experience that made her both fearful and
- contemptuous of apparatchiks who act one way "when it is to
- their advantage" and another when it is not. "Sometimes I feel
- that they are not faces but masks," she says. "And the masks
- will suddenly disappear and I can see quite clearly the faces
- of the people who informed on my grandfather."
-
- Gorbachev anticipated the threat from communist
- hard-liners as early as August 1990, during a vacation in Yalta.
- It was then, Raisa recalls, that her husband told her, "We've
- got the most difficult time ahead of us. There is going to be
- political fighting . . . it's very alarming . . . ((But)) we
- mustn't give in to the conservatives . . . We mustn't surrender
- the fate of the country to cowboys. They would ruin everything."
-
- In I Hope, Raisa describes her early years as one of three
- children of a railroad engineer in Siberia. Money was so tight
- that she did not own a real overcoat until she went to college.
- "Everybody remembers the coat," she says. "It really was a
- milestone in the family history."
-
- Materially, life at Moscow State University was not much
- better; the Soviet First Lady admits she economized by beating
- fares on the subway and trams. But romantically, her world
- blossomed. She speaks poignantly of meeting Mikhail Gorbachev
- at a student dance and of their love, which deepened on long
- walks and ice-skating dates in Sokolniki Park. Soon after
- marrying in 1953, the Gorbachevs moved to Mikhail's birthplace
- of Stavropol, where Raisa taught college and her husband began
- his climb through the party ranks.
-
- In 1978, at 47, Mikhail became a Secretary of the Central
- Committee and the couple moved to Moscow, where Raisa felt very
- much the outsider among the spoiled communist elite. Once, at
- a gathering at a state dacha, she warned the children not to
- break the chandelier. "I was told: `Not to worry. It's
- government property, it can be written off.' " By March 10,
- 1985, the night before he was chosen to replace Konstantin
- Chernenko as General Secretary, Gorbachev was so frustrated with
- the party's self-satisfied sclerosis that he told his wife,
- "((The country)) just can't go on like this." Despite her
- commitment to her husband's reforms, Raisa admits that so far
- perestroika "has given us much and very little."
-
- Raisa paints the Soviet leader as a hardworking man who
- likes to sing and kid his sometimes prissy mate. She
- acknowledges her unpopularity in her own country and scoffs at
- the criticism from some quarters that she has put on airs. And
- she points to continuing threats from both the left and the
- right. "In the center of this gigantic whirlwind is the person
- closest to me," she says. "Will we be able to come out of the
- whirlwind with honor?" There is now some hope.
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